DNA Polymerases
DNA polymerases maintain genome integrity by synthesizing DNA during replication, repair, recombination, translesion synthesis, and checkpoint-associated processes[1]. In eukaryotic DNA replication, Pol α initiates synthesis with RNA/DNA primers, while Pol δ and Pol ε extend DNA from primer ends[2]. Mechanistically, evidence supports Pol ε as the primary leading-strand replicase and Pol δ as the main lagging-strand replicase at the eukaryotic replication fork[3]. In DNA repair, base excision repair (BER) corrects oxidative, deamination, and alkylation damage, then uses polymerase-dependent repair synthesis and ligation to restore DNA continuity[4]. Compared with replicative isoforms, Pol β functions as a BER enzyme whose polymerase and dRP lyase activities coordinate gap filling and sugar-phosphate removal[5]. In mitochondria, Pol γ differs from nuclear polymerases because it is the only known human mitochondrial DNA polymerase and is essential for mitochondrial DNA replication and repair[6]. In damage-tolerance models, Pol η differs from high-fidelity replicative polymerases by enabling bypass of UV-induced thymine dimers, and POLH defects define xeroderma pigmentosum variant cells[7]. For experimental applications, aphidicolin inhibits B-family DNA polymerases and provides a tool for probing replication-dependent DNA synthesis[8].
References:
- [1]. Hubscher U, et al. Eukaryotic DNA polymerases. Annu Rev Biochem. 2002;71:133-63. [Content Brief]
- [2]. Chilkova O, et al. The eukaryotic leading and lagging strand DNA polymerases are loaded onto primer-ends via separate mechanisms but have comparable processivity in the presence of PCNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007;35(19):6588-97. [Content Brief]
- [3]. Miyabe I, et al. The major roles of DNA polymerases epsilon and delta at the eukaryotic replication fork are evolutionarily conserved. PLoS Genet. 2011 Dec;7(12):e1002407. [Content Brief]
- [4]. Krokan HE, et al. Base excision repair. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2013 Apr 1;5(4):a012583. [Content Brief]
- [5]. Kumar A, et al. Interlocking activities of DNA polymerase β in the base excision repair pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022 Mar 8;119(10):e2118940119. [Content Brief]
- [6]. Vanselow C, et al. Genetic analysis of the Photosystem I subunits from the red alga, Galdieria sulphuraria. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009 Jan;1787(1):46-59. [Content Brief]
- [7]. Masutani C, et al. The XPV (xeroderma pigmentosum variant) gene encodes human DNA polymerase eta. Nature. 1999 Jun 17;399(6737):700-4. [Content Brief]
- [8]. Baranovskiy AG, et al. Structural basis for inhibition of DNA replication by aphidicolin. Nucleic Acids Res. 2014 Dec 16;42(22):14013-21. [Content Brief]
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DNA Polymerases Related Products (158)
Related Products (158)
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2'-Deoxyadenosine-5'-triphosphate trisodium
0 ImagesSynonyms: dATP trisodium2'-Deoxyadenosine-5'-triphosphate (dATP) trisodium is a nucleotide used in cells for DNA synthesis (or replication), as a substrate of DNA polymerase. 2'-Deoxyadenosine-5'-triphosphate is promising for research of genetic immunodeficiency diseases adenosine deaminase deficiency and purine nucleotide phosphorylase deficiency .
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Cidofovir diphosphate tritriethylamine
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-131606BCidofovir diphosphate tri triethylamine is an active intracellular metabolite of Cidofovir. Cidofovir diphosphate tri triethylamine is a selective inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases with Ki values of 6.6, 0.86 and 1.4 μM for HCMV, HSV-1 and HSV-2 DNA polymerase, respectively.
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1,4-Naphthoquinone
0 Images1,4-Naphthoquinone is an inhibitor with broad-spectrum inhibitory activity targeting DNA polymerase, NF-κB and monoamine oxidase (MAO-A/B), with antibacterial and anti-biofilm efficacy. 1,4-Naphthoquinone is a competitive inhibitor of MAO-B (Ki=1.4 μM) and a non-competitive inhibitor of MAO-A (Ki=7.7 μM). 1,4-Naphthoquinone inhibits DNA polymerase pol α, β, γ, δ, ε, λ with IC50 ranging from 5.57-128 μM. 1,4-Naphthoquinone inhibits tumor cell proliferation, induces apoptosis and necrosis, and has anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory activities by inducing oxidative stress, depleting glutathione (GSH), inhibiting DNA polymerase-mediated DNA synthesis and blocking NF-κB nuclear translocation. 1,4-Naphthoquinone can be used in anti-bacterial , anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory studies, including inhibition of melanoma and colon cancer cell growth and endothelial cell function, as well as LPS-induced inflammation models.
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Taq DNA polymerase
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-E70086CAS No.: 2304873-37-6Taq DNA polymerase is a thermostable DNA polymerase that can be used in PCR.
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Prunasin
0 ImagesPrunasin is an orally active cyanogenic glucoside and the main metabolite of Amygdalin (HY-N0190). Prunasin can specifically inhibit rat DNA polymerase β (IC50: 98 μM). Prunasin has anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic activities. Prunasin can be used in the research of diseases such as liver fibrosis.
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Fludarabine triphosphate trisodium
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-136650APurity: 99.93%Synonyms: F-ara-ATP trisodiumFludarabine triphosphate (F-ara-ATP) trisodium, the active metabolite of Fludarabine (HY-B0069), is a potent, noncompetitive and specific inhibitor of DNA primase, with an IC50 of 2.3 μM and a Ki of 6.1 μM. Fludarabine triphosphate trisodium inhibits DNA synthesis by blocking DNA primase and primer RNA formation. Fludarabine triphosphate trisodium inhibits ribonucleotide reductase and DNA polymerase and ultimately leads to cellular apoptosis.
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5-Propargylamino-dCTP
0 Images5-Propargylamino-dCTP is a sustrate for DNA polymerases. 5-Propargylamino-dCTP can conjugate to molecular markers for use in nucleic acid labeling or sequence analysis.
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3,4-Dihydroxybenzylamine hydrobromide
0 ImagesSynonyms: NSC 263475 hydrobromide3,4-Dihydroxybenzylamine hydrobromide (NSC 263475 hydrobromide) is an improved dopamine analog cytotoxic and inhibits DNA polymerase activity in melanoma cells. 3,4-Dihydroxybenzylamine hydrobromide (NSC 263475 hydrobromide) displays growth inhibitory activity in melanoma cell lines with varying degrees of tyrosinase activity.
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Polθ/PARP-IN-1
0 ImagesPolθ/PARP-IN-1 (compound 25d) is a potent dual DNA polymerase theta (Polθ) and PARP inhibitor with IC50 values of 45.6, 5.4 nM, respectively. Polθ/PARP-IN-1 shows antiproliferative activity. Polθ/PARP-IN-1 induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase, causes DNA damage. Polθ/PARP-IN-1 shows anti-tumor activity.
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Ditercalinium chloride
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-19587CAS No.: 74517-42-3Synonyms: NSC335153Ditercalinium chloride is an anticancer agent. Ditercalinium chloride inhibits human DNA polymerase gamma activity. Ditercalinium chloride can deplete mitochondrial DNA in both mouse and human cells. Ditercalinium chloride is a potential ligand against the COMMD10-AP3S1 fusion protein.
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ddATP trisodium solution (100 mM)
0 ImagesSynonyms: 2',3'-Dideoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate trisodiumddATP (2',3'-Dideoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate) trisodium, an active metabolite of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine, is a chain-elongating inhibitor of DNA polymerase. ddATP trisodium can be used for Sanger method for DNA sequencing and research of virus infection.
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Ganciclovir triphosphate disodium solution (100 mM ± 3 mM)
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-131605BPurity: 98.65%Synonyms: GCV-TP disodiumGanciclovir triphosphate disodium solution (100 mM ± 3 mM) (GCV-TP disodium) is a competitive DNA polymerase inhibitor and a metabolite of Ganciclovir (HY-13637). Ganciclovir triphosphate disodium solution (100 mM ± 3 mM) can replace Guanine-5'-triphosphate to terminate DNA chain extension, and mimics dGTP (HY-138616) to compete with mammalian DNA polymerases. Ganciclovir triphosphate disodium solution (100 mM ± 3 mM) can be used in research related to HSV infection, retinoblastoma, glioblastoma and colorectal cancer.
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Resveratrol-d4
0 ImagesSynonyms: trans-Resveratrol-d4; SRT501-d4Resveratrol-d4 is the deuterium labeled Resveratrol. Resveratrol (trans-Resveratrol; SRT501), a natural polyphenolic phytoalexin that possesses anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and anti-cancer properties. Resveratrol (SRT 501) has a wide spectrum of targets including mTOR, JAK, β-amyloid, Adenylyl cyclase, IKKβ, DNA polymerase. Resveratrol also is a specific SIRT1 activator. Resveratrol is a potent pregnane X receptor (PXR) inhibitor. Resveratrol is an Nrf2 activator, ameliorates aging-related progressive renal injury in mice model. Resveratrol increases production of NO in endothelial cells.
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ddCTP trisodium solution (100 mM)
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-137697DPurity: 98.03%ddCTP trilithium solution (100 mM) is a chain-terminating dideoxynucleotide. ddCTP trilithium is a type of chain-terminating deoxynucleotide. ddCTP trilithium can be incorporated into the extension primer chain that lacks the 3'-hydroxyl group, thereby terminating primer extension, viral genome replication, and DNA synthesis. ddCTP trilithium can distinguish almost identical RNA through distinguishable extension products in primer extension inhibition experiments. ddCTP trilithium is the active metabolite of Zalcitabine (HY-17392), which can competitively inhibit HIV reverse transcriptase, terminate the synthesis of viral DNA chains, and thereby inhibit HIV replication.
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Isosteviol
0 ImagesSynonyms: (-)-Isosteviol; iso-SteviolIsosteviol ((-)-Isosteviol) is a derivative of Stevioside through acid catalyzed hydrolysis of Stevioside. Isosteviol inhibits DNA polymerase and DNA topoisomerase and has antibacterial, anticancer and anti-tuberculosis effects.
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Acyclovir triphosphate sodium (100 mM)
0 ImagesSynonyms: AcycloGTP sodium (100 mM)Acyclovir triphosphate (Synonyms: AcycloGTP) sodium is a Acyclovir (HY-17422) derivative that competitively inhibits viral DNA polymerase by acting as an analog to deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP). Acyclovir triphosphate (sodium) (100 mM) is an inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Acyclovir triphosphate (sodium) (100 mM) causes termination of viral DNA synthesis.
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BMVC
0 ImagesBMVC is a potent G-quadruplex (G4) stabilizer and a selective telomerase inhibitor with an IC50 of ~0.2 μM. BMVC inhibits Taq DNA polymerase with an IC50 of ~2.5 μM. BMVC increases the melting temperature of G4 structure of telomere and accelerates telomere length shortening. Anticancer activities.
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Ibezapolstat
0 ImagesSynonyms: ACX-362E; GLS-362EIbezapolstat (ACX-362E) is a first-in-class, orally active DNA polymerase IIIC (pol IIIC) inhibitor, with a Ki of 0.325 μM for the DNA pol IIIC from C. difficile. Ibezapolstat is developed for the research of C. difficile infection(CDI).
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Euscaphic acid
0 ImagesEuscaphic acid, a DNA polymerase inhibitor, is a triterpene from the root of the R. alceaefolius Poir. Euscaphic inhibits calf DNA polymerase α (pol α) and rat DNA polymerase β (pol β) with IC50 values of 61 and 108 μM. Euscaphic acid induces apoptosis.
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Foscarnet trisodium hexahydrate
0 ImagesSynonyms: Trisodium phosphonoformate hexahydrate; Phosphonoformic acid trisodium salt hexahydrateFoscarnet trisodium hexahydrate (Trisodium phosphonatoformate hexahydrate) is a viral DNA polymerase activity inhibitor, leading to reversible suppression of viral replication. Foscarnet trisodium hexahydrate is an antiherpesvirus agent used in cytomegalovirus retinitis.
